Month: August 2019

1.Name the enzyme which is used to produce Flavr – Savr tomato.

2.Why is golden rice superior to normal rice?

3.How a future vaccine holds a promise of bypassing the need to visit the doctor regularly for childhood immunizations?

4.  Why plants produce secondary metabolites?

5. Name the gene introduced in transgenic tomato for insect resistance.

6. When substance X is added to a plant tissue culture medium, it promoted rooting whereas substance Y is added, it promoted shooting. Identify substances X and Y?

7. You have been asked by an avocado grower, to find away to genetically engineer his crop to prevent it from ripening during shipping. What experimental approach would you suggest?

8.What factors dictate the choice of plant tissue culture media?

9. Name the major medias used in PTC.

10. Who is considered as father of PTC and why?

11. What do you understand by the term second green revolution?

12. A farmer wants to produce hybrid of mustard plants in his field. As a biotechnologist, what would you suggest to him to ensure successful pollination or fertilization?

13. What is an artificial seed?

14. Weeds compete with crop plants for nutrients, water etc. and are responsible for significant reduction in crop yields. As a biotechnologist, suggest a way to overcome this problem.

15. Execute the engineered biosynthetic pathway which leads to the production of valuable secondary metabolites for their overproduction.

1.Explain how cDNA microarray technique can be used to study cellular response to the environment? Support your answer with a flowchart for the same.

2.(a) Which information can be retrieved from the following databases:

          (i) EMBL

          (ii) PDB

          (iii) PALI (b) Give two reasons for completely sequencing a genome.

3. Define SNPs. Describe a possible use of this technique in medicine. How do the physicians decide our susceptibility or resistance to a particular disease through this technique? Explain with the help of an example.

4. Gene prediction by computers is different from number of genes identified by experimental methods. Why is it so? Is there any correlation between the complexity of an organism and the total number of genes in its genome? Justify.

5. What kind of analysis can be done using Bioinformatics tools for DNA and proteins?

6. Expand BLAST. Discuss the steps involved in comparison of DNA sequences using this tool. Differentiate between paralogs and homologs.

7. Name the two methodologies used for genome sequencing. Present a comparative account.

8. CML patients have the ‘Philadelphia Chromosome”. How is this chromosome detected? Explain the technique with a diagram.

9. Breast cancer cells often exhibit abnormal expression of certain genes which are too many to study individually. Describe a method that you would use to compare the gene expression in the breast cancer cells and a normal cell.

10. Name four major databases for bioinformatics with their respective information contents. Name any database retrieval tool and its application.

1. Name any three resources available from the NCBI and their uses.
2. Explain how DNA “microarray” technique can be used to study cellular response to environment. Also depict major steps diagrammatically.                                                                            
3. A  Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) patient has been put on a combination drug therapy for the past 2 months. How can the FISH technique be used to monitor the effect of chemotherapy?
4. Based on Genomic studies, why do people say that different species and organisms had a common ancestor 100 million years ago.                                                                    
5. The publication of ‘Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure” under the editorship of Margaret O” Dayhoff was a pioneering effort. Why?
6. Suggest any four reasons why complete genome sequencing projects should be undertaken? Describe the advantage of using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) in such sequencing programmes. 
7. Expand BLAST. Differentiate between homologues and paralogs.         
8. Name four major databases for bioinformatics with their respective information contents. Name any database retrieval tool and its application.          
9. A scientist determines the complete genome and proteome of a liver cell and a muscle cell from the same person. Would you expect bigger differences in the genome or proteome of these two cell types? Explain.
10. What are DNA chips and how they are used in functional genomics?
11. Expand BLAST. Discuss the steps involved in comparison of DNA sequences using this tool. Differentiate between paralogs and homologs
12. A scientist determines the complete genome and proteome of a liver cell and a muscle cell from the same person. Would you expect bigger differences in the genome or proteome of these two cell types? Explain.
13. There is no simple correlation between the intuitive complexity of an organism and the number of genes in its genome. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.
14. It is believed that each person’s genome is 99.8% is identical to everyone else’s. Discuss the basis of this 0.2% difference in DNA sequence of  individuals. Does it always occur in coding regions of the genome? Suggest the usefulness of studying such variations using two examples.
15. As a student of bioinformatics you want to produce a data set which can be compare easily and uniformily around the world. What features would you consider?
16. SNPs can be used to understand genomic variations in responses to medicines. Explain. Name a disease caused due to single gene mutation.
17. How are fluorescent colors introduced into chromosomes? Give a possible use of this technique. Draw a suitable diagram of the same
18. (a) Human population vary greatly in their susceptibility to diseases. Why?

(b)Which present day approach can assist physicians in predicting with confidence the risk of developing a disease.

19.Name the two methodologies used for genome sequencing. Present a comparative account.

20.Enlist any three database retrieval tools available at NCBI. Does similarity between two sequences always indicate their homology? Explain.

21.CML patients have the ‘Philadelphia Chromosome”. How is this chromosome detected? Explain the technique with a diagram.

22. Do you think ‘in silico’ based prediction techniques are accurate in genomics? Support your answer with reasoning

23. What are the various types of DNA sequences which can be deposited into databases? Suggest at least 3 commonly used database retrieval tools and their uses.

24. How does genome sequencing can be done? Suggest, any four reasons why these should be undertaken.

25. Interpret possible use of nick translation in detecting chromosomal translocation. Draw a suitable diagram.

26. The human genome contains twice as many genes as the simple organisms Drosophila. Give one explanations to how just double the number of genes can give rise to the complexity required for a human being.

27. DNA microarray permits an investigator to monitor simultaneously, the level of mRNA production from every gene in an eukaryotic organism:

(a) Why might such an analysis is not give an accurate estimate of the level of protein expressed in an organism?

(b) Which alternative technique will be better suited for the above mentioned analysis?

1. What is the IUPAC code for T or C? Write the complementary sequence of the following sequence:                                                 5′ – A T G A Y C G B T – 3′        
2. C.elegans is a eukaryotic organism with a genome of 97 Mb and about 20,000 genes. What organizational features of this genome are unusual when compared to the genomes of other eukaryotes, such as yeast and Drosophila?
3. Annotation of human genome sequence reveals that our genome contains 30000- 33000 genes. Proteomic  analysis indicates that human cells are capable of synthesizing more than 30,000 different proteins. How           can this discrepancy be reconciled?
4. Differentiate between structural and functional genomics.
5. The number of genes predicted by computational biology is different from the number of genes identified by experimental methods in a genome. Justify.
6. How can ‘Expression Proteomics” be useful in the identification of disease specific proteins.
7. What kind of analysis can be done using Bioinformatics tools for DNA and proteins?
8. How can a CML patient be identified by the FISH technique?
9. As a student of bioinformatics you want to produce a data set which can be compare easily and uniformily around the world. What features would you consider?
10. (a) Human population vary greatly in their susceptibility to diseases. Why?

(b)Which present day approach can assist physicians in predicting with confidence the risk of developing a disease.

1. Why is it useful to search a database to identify sequences that are homologous to a newly determined sequence?
2. Why is it useful to search a database to identify newly determined DNA sequence? Give two reasons.

             How can a CML patient be identified by the FISH technique?

1. What is the information coded by the following set – DEGWYVBZXR
2. (a) Human population vary greatly in their susceptibility to diseases. Why?

(b)Which present day approach can assist physicians in predicting with confidence the risk of developing a disease.

1. Given below is the table of genome size and gene numbers of the weed Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapiens:

Organism	No. of chromosomes	Genome size (bp)	Predicted genes
Arabidopsis	5	15,70,00,000	25,498
Homo sapiens	23	3,00,00,00,000	25,000

Derive two observations with explanation of the table.

1. In DNA sequence readouts occasionally a S symbol appears. What does this means?
2. What is the IUPAC code for A or G? write the complementary sequence of the following:-

5′ – GYTWASGA-3′

GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

(1 Mark Questions)

1. Why is a DNA sequence always listed in the direction 5’to 3′?
2. What are ESTs? How are they useful in genome analysis?
3. How can SNPs be used to predict susceptibility to diseases?
4. Proteome of a given cell is dynamic. Why?
5. When aligning two or more genetic sequences, it is sometimes necessary to insert gaps, why?
6. Why there is a need to create bioinformatics databases?
7. Name a disease caused due to single gene mutation.
8. Indicate which one of the two broad areas of genomics addresses the biological functions of genes.
9. Human population vary greatly in their susceptibility to diseases. Why?
10. Which were the two first genomes to be sequenced? Name the organization which achieved this feat.
11. Suppose you are a planning a large scale hybridization programme in maize. How can this task be made less labour intensive?
12. In DNA sequence readouts occasionally a S symbol appears. What does this means?
13. What are ESTs? How are they useful in genome analysis?
14. Who is curator? What is curation?
15. Name the database which was created to manage to redundancy in ESTs.