GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS (Ch-3), Class XII (3 marks questions)

1. Name any three resources available from the NCBI and their uses.
2. Explain how DNA “microarray” technique can be used to study cellular response to environment. Also depict major steps diagrammatically.                                                                            
3. A  Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) patient has been put on a combination drug therapy for the past 2 months. How can the FISH technique be used to monitor the effect of chemotherapy?
4. Based on Genomic studies, why do people say that different species and organisms had a common ancestor 100 million years ago.                                                                    
5. The publication of ‘Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure” under the editorship of Margaret O” Dayhoff was a pioneering effort. Why?
6. Suggest any four reasons why complete genome sequencing projects should be undertaken? Describe the advantage of using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) in such sequencing programmes. 
7. Expand BLAST. Differentiate between homologues and paralogs.         
8. Name four major databases for bioinformatics with their respective information contents. Name any database retrieval tool and its application.          
9. A scientist determines the complete genome and proteome of a liver cell and a muscle cell from the same person. Would you expect bigger differences in the genome or proteome of these two cell types? Explain.
10. What are DNA chips and how they are used in functional genomics?
11. Expand BLAST. Discuss the steps involved in comparison of DNA sequences using this tool. Differentiate between paralogs and homologs
12. A scientist determines the complete genome and proteome of a liver cell and a muscle cell from the same person. Would you expect bigger differences in the genome or proteome of these two cell types? Explain.
13. There is no simple correlation between the intuitive complexity of an organism and the number of genes in its genome. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.
14. It is believed that each person’s genome is 99.8% is identical to everyone else’s. Discuss the basis of this 0.2% difference in DNA sequence of  individuals. Does it always occur in coding regions of the genome? Suggest the usefulness of studying such variations using two examples.
15. As a student of bioinformatics you want to produce a data set which can be compare easily and uniformily around the world. What features would you consider?
16. SNPs can be used to understand genomic variations in responses to medicines. Explain. Name a disease caused due to single gene mutation.
17. How are fluorescent colors introduced into chromosomes? Give a possible use of this technique. Draw a suitable diagram of the same
18. (a) Human population vary greatly in their susceptibility to diseases. Why?

(b)Which present day approach can assist physicians in predicting with confidence the risk of developing a disease.

19.Name the two methodologies used for genome sequencing. Present a comparative account.

20.Enlist any three database retrieval tools available at NCBI. Does similarity between two sequences always indicate their homology? Explain.

21.CML patients have the ‘Philadelphia Chromosome”. How is this chromosome detected? Explain the technique with a diagram.

22. Do you think ‘in silico’ based prediction techniques are accurate in genomics? Support your answer with reasoning

23. What are the various types of DNA sequences which can be deposited into databases? Suggest at least 3 commonly used database retrieval tools and their uses.

24. How does genome sequencing can be done? Suggest, any four reasons why these should be undertaken.

25. Interpret possible use of nick translation in detecting chromosomal translocation. Draw a suitable diagram.

26. The human genome contains twice as many genes as the simple organisms Drosophila. Give one explanations to how just double the number of genes can give rise to the complexity required for a human being.

27. DNA microarray permits an investigator to monitor simultaneously, the level of mRNA production from every gene in an eukaryotic organism:

(a) Why might such an analysis is not give an accurate estimate of the level of protein expressed in an organism?

(b) Which alternative technique will be better suited for the above mentioned analysis?