Genomics and Bioinformatics(5 marks question)

1.Explain how cDNA microarray technique can be used to study cellular response to the environment? Support your answer with a flowchart for the same.

2.(a) Which information can be retrieved from the following databases:

          (i) EMBL

          (ii) PDB

          (iii) PALI (b) Give two reasons for completely sequencing a genome.

3. Define SNPs. Describe a possible use of this technique in medicine. How do the physicians decide our susceptibility or resistance to a particular disease through this technique? Explain with the help of an example.

4. Gene prediction by computers is different from number of genes identified by experimental methods. Why is it so? Is there any correlation between the complexity of an organism and the total number of genes in its genome? Justify.

5. What kind of analysis can be done using Bioinformatics tools for DNA and proteins?

6. Expand BLAST. Discuss the steps involved in comparison of DNA sequences using this tool. Differentiate between paralogs and homologs.

7. Name the two methodologies used for genome sequencing. Present a comparative account.

8. CML patients have the ‘Philadelphia Chromosome”. How is this chromosome detected? Explain the technique with a diagram.

9. Breast cancer cells often exhibit abnormal expression of certain genes which are too many to study individually. Describe a method that you would use to compare the gene expression in the breast cancer cells and a normal cell.

10. Name four major databases for bioinformatics with their respective information contents. Name any database retrieval tool and its application.