Author: 7nehajain

An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from the ends of
DNA is:
a. endonuclease
b. exonuclease
c. DNA ligase
d. Hind – II

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through
the mediation of a vector like virus is termed as:
a. Transduction
b. Conjugation
c. Transformation
d. Translation

Which of the given statement is correct in the context of observing DNA
separated by agarose gel electrophoresis?
a. DNA can be seen in visible light
b. DNA can be seen without staining in visible light
c. Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen in visible light
d. Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen under exposure to
UV light

An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of:
a. Competent cells
b. Transformed cells
c. Recombinant cells
d. None of the above

Significance of ‘heat shock’ method in bacterial transformation is to
facilitate:
a. Binding of DNA to the cell wall
b. Uptake of DNA through membrane transport proteins
c. Uptake of DNA through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall
d. Expression of antibiotic resistance gene

The role of DNA ligase in the construction of a recombinant DNA
molecule is:
a. Formation of phosphodiester bond between two DNA fragments
b. Formation of hydrogen bonds between sticky ends of DNA
fragments
c. Ligation of all purine and pyrimidine bases
d. None of the above

Which of the following bacteria is not a source of restriction
endonuclease?
a. Haemophilus influenzae
b. Escherichia coli
c. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
d. Bacillius amyloli

Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq polymerase in a PCR
reaction?
a. Denaturation of template DNA
b. Annealing of primers to template DNA
c. Extension of primer end on the template DNA
d. All of the above

A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA that was
generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not
produce the desired protein. Reasons could be:
a. Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process
b. Amino acid codons for humans and bacteria are different
c. Human protein is formed but degraded by bacteria
d. All of the above

Who among the following was awarded the Nobel Prize for the
development of PCR technique?
a. Herbert Boyer
b. Hargovind Khurana
c. Kary Mullis
d. Arthur Kornberg

Which of the following statements does not hold true for restriction
enzyme?
a. It recognises a palindromic nucleotide sequence
b. It is an endonuclease
c. It is isolated from viruses
d. It produces the same kind of sticky ends in different DNA
molecules

A recombinant DNA molecule can be produced in the absence of the
following:
a. Restriction endonuclease
b. DNA ligase
c. DNA fragments
d. E.coli

In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules are separated on the basis
of their:
a. Charge only
b. Size only
c. Charge to size ratio
d. All of the above

The most important feature in a plasmid to be used as a vector is:
a. Origin of replication (ori)
b. Presence of a selectable marker
c. Presence of sites for restriction endonuclease
d. Its size

While isolating DNA from bacteria, which of the following enzymes is not
used?
a. Lysozyme
b. Ribonuclease
c. Deoxyribonuclease
d. Protease

Which of the following has popularised the PCR (polymerase chain
reactions)?
a. Easy availability of DNA template
b. Availability of synthetic primers
c. Availability of cheap deoxyribonucleotides
d. Availability of ‘Thermostable’ DNA polymerase

Cell Cycle and Cell Division :https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-Bb0I3UkRFTkoteUk/view

Biomolecules: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-BVjJuSE4tUFhyVzg/view

Cell: The Unit of Life: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-BODVfVlVoMlFBWDQ/view

Inheritance and Variation: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-BZU9BU0puTW84S2M/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-Ba1pkdEMyN3g1M2s/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8hXbvn1ab-BZDZCTU91WGxxMGc/view

http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qpms2019/comptt/qp12-2019.html

1. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive inheritance. If 50% of the daughters are

        diseased, 50% of the children carrier while 50% of the sons normal. What should be

        the genotype of each parent .Predict the genotype of next generation if the carrier

        daughter marries to a normal man.

2. “Plants do not produce antibodies, but they are also attacked by pathogens or face

         infavourable environmental conditions.” Explain how do plants cope with such

         adverse conditions.

3. Highlight the main differences in genotypic and phenotypic ratios  among Complete

         dominance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance with suitable examples.

4. Show , diagrammatically, the details of immunoglobulin structure.

5. Mendel had mentioned the existence of two alleles for each gene in his

         theories. Give one exception to it. Explain briefly with a suitable example.

6. Why is one required to study conjugation?

7. Sexual reproduction is not seen in microbes still sometimes they undergo the most important feature of sexual reproduction. What is that and how it takes place in bacterias?

1. (a) Discuss about the basic design of fermenter.

            (b) Name the application of microbial technology in which the metabolic pathway of the microorganism is exploited.

            (c) Name the microorganism used for the production of PHB.

2. (a) You had seen that the soil under the jamun tree is able to degrade the fruit, and then you made the observation that particular microorganism should be present in the soil. You want to isolate that particular microorganism. How will you do it? And after isolation you observed that the active compound is present in very low concentration. Suggest different ways to improve it.

            (b) What are the culture collection centres? Write their advantages? Name microbial culture collection centre in India.

1. What are the essential steps involved in the isolation of vitamin B12 from the microbe?
2. How will you go about studying the genomes of microbes that are uncultivable?
3. Why is it important to measure growth kinetics of microbial cultures? Name three different methods and highlight the one you think is most effective.
4. Why the pH of the culture medium is important? In a large fermenter, how is the pH maintained?
5. Why is oxygen important in fermenters and how is this provided?
6. What parameters must be monitored and controlled in an optimized fermentation process? Why do we need to control them?
7. Microbial culture procedures can be carried out in desired vessel in different ways. What are these different ways?
8. Why is it generally necessary to improve microbial strains before they can be used for mass production of a useful metabolite? Suggest a way to achieve it.
9. Why is strain preservation important in microbial cell culture? Give any two methods of strain preservation.
10. Plot a graph of the variation of cell density[X], concentration of substrate [S] and cell specific substrate turnover rate [QS] vs time for a batch culture and fed batch culture.
11. As a biotechnologist, what strategy will you suggest to your friend to enhance microbial growth while culturing microbes in the laboratory in a 50ml conical flask?
12. Draw flow chart to show steps for the isolation of an extracellular metabolite from microbial culture, using an example.
13. In a pilot experiment, it was found that CHO cell lines expressed EPO as 100mg/500ml of culture medium. A biotech company has to produce 500g of this protein. They have two 50L fermentors each, which can operate only once per week. How much time will it take to produce the desired amount of protein?
14. All microbes do not produce the substance of our interest and even when they are secreting the amount produced is low. How we find them and make them useful for us?
15. Recombinant insullin is produced at 100mg/l by E.coli at a cell concentration of 1g/l. Calculate the volume of reactor needed for producing 1Kg of insu;lin when the cell concentration is 50g/l and insulin production is 200mg/g of cells.
16. Write a short note on the ethical issues in microbial culture technology.
17. What is fed-batch culture and what are its benefits in microbial technology? How is it different from a batch culture?
18. Highlight graphically the differences between culturing microbes in the school laboratory and a bioreactor which allow cells to grow in a continuous culture system .
19. State any three advantages of using Pichia pastoris as a eukaryotic expression host.
20. Execute the engineered biosynthetic pathway which leads to the production of valuable secondary metabolites for their overproduction.
21. Fermentors are provided with many controls for the monitoring of physical, chemical and biological parameters that affect the growth cells. For this one is the sparger for aeration. What is its benefit?
22. (a) What is downstream processing? (b) Outline the steps to purify an antibiotic that is secreted into the growth medium.
23. (a) Assume 1ml of curd has 1X 10⁷ cells of lactococci (spherical) of diameter 0.5 micrometers each. Calculate: (i) The number of lactococci in 500ml of curd (ii) The packed cell volume occupied by these lactococci (b) How would you ensure that the production of a recombinant molecule does not occur until required?
24. (a) Calculate the generation time of a bacterial population in which the number of bacteria increases from 10⁴ / ml to 10⁷/ml furing four hours of exponential growth. (b) Explain any two methods of measuring microbial growth. (c) In which phase of growth is the specific growth rate of microbial cells calculated? On what factors does the specific growth rate depend?
25. Recombinant insulin is produced at 100 mg/L by E. coli at a cell concentration of 1 g/L. Calculate the volume of reactor (size of the fermentor) needed to produce 1 Kilogram of insulin in the following conditions: (a) When the cell concentration is 1 g/L and insulin production is 100 mg/L. (b) when the cell concentration is 50 g/L and insulin production is 100 mg/L.
26. Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) vaccine is made by growing the virus in animal cells, harvesting the virus and inactivating it for vaccine formulations. Given the following data, calculate the weight and volume of the harvested virus from a bioreactor – (a) Total biroreactor capacity = 1000 l (at least 20%s space must be kept for oxygen and CO₂) (b) Number of animal cells= 105 /ml (c) Number of virus particles/ animal cell = 50 Assume the virus to be a sphere with a gram molecular weight of 10⁶ Daltons (1 million) and radius = 1nm.

1.            

1. If a culture of Haemophilus contains 10⁵ cells/ml at 4:00a.m. and 10¹¹cells/ml at 4:00p.m., calculate its specific growth rate and doubling time. Which growth phase in this bacterial culture will show maximum specific growth rate?
2. Give two reasons why it is necessary to determine the kinetics of microbial growth. Which method of measuring microbial growth will give the most accurate representation of cell number?
3. Define chemostat and turbidostat.
4. What is the significance of introducing mutations in microbial strains?
5. Why the specific growth rate and doubling time of the organism are important parameters for large scale production process.
6. What are the various datas that are compiled into a techno-economic report to assess the feasibility of the project?
7. Microbes are widespread in natural habitats. How you will isolate the microbe of desired interest?
8. What problems should be considered while expressing the heterologous gene in a microorganism to make it commercial viable?
9. What is the major criterion used in selecting nutrients for large scale culturing?
10. Two laboratories have developed a procedure for downstream processing of an antibiotic. The major difference lies in the number of steps involved. Which one would you prefer and why?
11. In isolating recombinant insulin from E.col, the cells were filtered and the filtrate was subjected to purification protocol. However no insulin was obtained. Why?
12. Indicate four main safety concerns regarding the use of microbial processes in biotechnology.
13. If one wishes to obtain intracellular metabolites, what type of microbial culture technique should be used and why?
14. What is lyophilization? Why are lypholized cultures remain viable for several years?
15. In a culture of E. coli, the cell population increase from 2.0×10⁶ cells/ml to 16 x 10⁶ cells/ml in 30 minutes. What is the generation time of the given culture?
16. In a batch culture of E. coli, specific growth rates of the microbial cells will be maximum at which phase of growth and why?
17. Why is foaming caused during fermentation process? How can this be harmful to the process?
18. Rohan cultured Streptococcus bacteria in his lab to check whether it is gram positive or negative and then he threw the culture directly in dustbin. Is this method of disposal ethically and ecologically safe?
19. In isolating recombinant interferons from a culture of E. coli, the filtrate was subjected to purification processes, but no interferons where obtained. Suggest a possible reason.
20. In a culture of E. coli, the cell population increase from 1.5×10⁶ cells/ml to 12x 10⁶ cells/ml in 36 minutes. What is the generation time of the given culture?
21. How can microbial cultures be exploited for commercial purposes?

1. Specific activity increases during subsequent steps of a protein purification scheme. How can you relate it with the purity of protein?
2. Why is the nutrient medium autoclaved before using it for culturing microbes?
3. What is lyophilization?
4. Write a chemical equation for the production of products from the reactants.
5. For strain preservation glycerol (10-30%) is added, before microbial cultures are dispensed into sealed ampoules and frozen in liquid nitrogen (-176 to -196⁰C). What is the role of glycerol here?
6. How does heat labile media is sterilized?
7. Why the pH of the culture medium is is important? In a large fermenter, how is the pH maintained?
8. Name the technique which can measure live microbial cells.
9. How is aeration of microbial cultures achieved in laboratory?
10. As microbiologist, what factors dictate the choice of your media?

1. Why the technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies called hybridoma technology?  Why monoclonal antibodies are preferred over serum antibodies in diagnostics? Give an example of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody for breast cancer patients.
2. A child suffering from acute lymphocytic leukemia underwent a bone marrow replacement therapy wherein her bone marrow was destroyed and replaced by bone marrow obtained from a sibling who was normal. Why was the bone marrow destroyed during the therapy? Do you expect the child to recover? Explain.
3. Embryonic cells during development not only commit along different lineages but also retain a population of cells are present only at strategic locations in the adult organism. Name these specialized cells and why they are maintained in undifferentiated state?
4. What is OKT-3? Why is it administered to patients undergoing organ transplantation? What is the relevance of fusing an antibody producing B-cells with myeloma cells in hybridoma technology?
5. (a) Discuss about the method involved in the scaling up of the suspension culture. (b) Imagine yourself as a G.E. and had produced a recombinant molecule carrying gene of interest i.e. tPA. You want to propagate it. Suggest suitable method for the same.
6. What are the medical application of the following:

(i) tPA   (ii) Monoclonal Antibodies    (iii) Erythropoietin  (iv) Factor VIII     (v) Factor IX